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〔 An affinity space is a place – virtual or physical – where informal learning takes place. According to James Paul Gee, affinity spaces are locations where groups of people are drawn together because of a shared, strong interest or engagement in a common activity.〔Gee, 2004; Gee, 2005; Gee & Hayes, 2009〕 Often but not always occurring online, affinity spaces encourage the sharing of knowledge or participation in a specific area, and informal learning is a common outcome. In his coining of the term, Gee takes the notion of participatory cultures and reframes it to the idea of “space.” To Gee, what is happening in these online cultures is not merely a “culture” – and far different from a “community.” In Gee’s view, the word “community” conjures up images of belongingness and membership.〔''Situated Language and Learning: A Critique of Traditional Schooling''. New York: Routledge, 2004. ISBN 0-415-31777-0, ISBN 0-415-31776-2〕 Instead, he has defined these worlds as “spaces” – a term that allows for the “robust characterization of the ebbs and flows and differing levels of involvement and participation exhibited by members” 〔 According to Gee (2004), "An affinity space is a place or set of places where people affiliate with others based primarily on shared activities, interests, and goals, not shared race, class culture, ethnicity, or gender" (p. 67).〔 Gee (2004) refers to affinity spaces and states, "Learners 'apprentice' themselves to a group of people who share a certain set of practices (e.g. learning to cook in a family, learning to play video games with a guild, learning to assemble circuit boards in a workplace, learning to splice genes in a biology lab), pick up these practices through joint action with more advanced peers, and advance their abilities to engage and work with others in carrying out such practices" (p. 70).〔 What Gee (2004) tries to explain about Affinity Spaces is not an attempt to label a group of people. By affinity space he means a space where people can interact and share a lot with each other. the people who are interacting in a space might find themselves as sharing a community with some others in that space, while other people might view their intercations in the space differently. Gee (2004) adds, " In any case, creating spaces within diverse sorts of people can interact is a leitmotif of the modern world" (p. 71).〔 Gee has further found eleven hallmarks of what he terms “affinity spaces.” These very distinct participatory cultures share the following characteristics: 1) The affinity in these spaces is to the endeavor, not other people. People from all ages, ethnicities, educational levels, and cultures play/create together – often anonymously or using alter-identities. Their participation is due to an affinity for the contents of the space. 2) Newbies and masters share the space. 3) Some portals are strong generators. The computer can be used to create new characters or any aspects of the game. 4) Content organization is transformed by interactional organization. The idea that creation can come from more than simply site designers, but from users, is a hallmark of these spaces. In affinity spaces, the way in which interactions are organized shapes the content of the game/site. Users – not just site designers – can help create, shape, and reshape the site and its content. Suggestions are welcome and encouraged, and site designers often use the suggestions of users to reform site designs and configurations. 5) Both intensive and extensive knowledge are encouraged. Extensive knowledge is seen as broad, less specialized knowledge about many aspects of the space. Intensive knowledge is in-depth knowledge about certain aspects of the space. 6) Individual and distributed knowledge are valued. 7) Dispersed knowledge is encouraged. 8) Tacit knowledge is encouraged and honored. Members do not have to lead or design; those who wish to “just play” are valued as much as those who wish to contribute more substantially to the site. 9) Many forms and routes to participation are available. 10) Different routes to status are inherent in the game. 11) Leadership is porous and leaders are resources. Like the concept of “third spaces,” affinity spaces see “neither One…nor the Other…Rather, participants are something else besides, which contests the terms and territories of both 〔''Situated Language and Learning: A Critique of Traditional Schooling''. New York: Routledge, 2004. ISBN 0-415-31777-0, ISBN 0-415-31776-2.〕 〔Bensen, S. (2010). "I don't know if that'd be English or not": Third space theory and literacy instruction. Journal of Adolescent and Adult Literacy , 53 (7), 555–563.〕 Jenkins (2009) highlights the ways structured education differs from affinity spaces by saying that a typical educational system is a lot more set in its ways than an affinity space, which he labels as being more "experimental." The affinity space changes with its users, but the educational system's organization and methods are largely the same. Jenkins also states that a freer learning community like an affinity space can "evolve to respond to short-term needs and temporary interests." The affinity space is a learning space, as is a standard education; however, their structures are very different in order to fulfill very different learning goals.〔Jenkins, H. (2009) "Confronting the Challenges of Participatory Culture: Media Education for the 21st Century"〕 ==Educational uses== Because members of an affinity space are interested in a common practice/belief/activity, they have common ground and motivation together. Gee says that because of this common interest, affinity spaces are able to bridge barriers of age, race, socio-economic status, and educational level, and thus allow each user to participate as he/she chooses, and both experts and novices are equally legitimate participants in the affinity space〔Gee, 2005〕 While not everyone in affinity spaces is an expert, they are not places where the "blind are leading the blind." Many spaces have unwritten rules that while sharing information, you must share only what you know, provide sources to back up what you say, and in general, leave feedback and comments only in areas you know. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Affinity space」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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